Battery storage technologies, including lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, are extensively utilized in solar energy systems to store excess energy for later use. Thermal storage systems and pumped hydro provide alternative methods for energy retention.
Key EES technologies include Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS), Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Advanced Battery Energy Storage (ABES), Flywheel Energy Storage (FES), Thermal Energy Storage (TES), and Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES). 16 PHS and CAES are large-scale.
To further explore the energy-saving potential of 5 G base stations, this paper proposes an energy-saving operation model for 5 G base stations that incorporates communication caching.
This review examines critical areas such as reinforcement learning, multi-agent systems, predictive modeling, energy storage, and optimization algorithms—essential for improving microgrid efficiency and reliability.